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PopeInnocentXI(May16,1611¨CAugust12,1689),bornBenedettoOdescalchi,wasPopeoftheRomanCatholicChurchfrom1676to1689.
Contents[hide]
1Earlylife
2Papacy
2.1Election
2.2ReformingtheVaticanadministration
2.3Encyclicals
3Foreignrelations
3.1RelationswithFrance
3.2Colognecontroversy
4Deathandbeatification
4.1ThefirstincorruptbodyofaPope?
5WritingsaboutPopeInnocentXI
6Notes
7References
[edit]Earlylife
HewasbornatComoin1611,andwaseducatedtherebytheJesuits.HestudiedlawatRomeandNaples,heldsuccessivelytheofficesofprotonotaryapostolic,presidentoftheapostolicchambermissaryoftheMarcodiRoma,andgovernorofMacerata;in1647,PopeInnocentX(1644¨C55)madehimCardinalDeaconwiththetitleofSantiCosmaeDamiano.HeafterwardsbecamelegatetoFerrara.WhenhewassenttoFerrarainordertoassistthepeoplestrickenwithaseverefamine,thePopeintroducedhimtothepeopleofFerraraasthe"fatherofthepoor."In1650,OdescalchibecamebishopofNovara,inwhichcapacityhespentalltherevenuesofhisseetorelievethepoorandsickinhisdiocese.WiththepermissionofthepopeheresignedasbishopofNovarainfavourofhisbrotherGiulioin1656andwenttoRome.Whiletherehetookaprominentpartintheconsultationsofthevariouscongregationsofwhichhewasamember.Inallthesecapacities,thesimplicityandpurityofcharacterwhichhedisplayebinedwithhisunselfishandopenhandedbenevolencetosecureforhimahighplaceinthepopularaffectionandesteem.[1]
[edit]Papacy
[edit]Election
CoatofArmsofPopeInnocentXI.Stylesof
PopeInnocentXI
ReferencestyleHisHoliness
SpokenstyleYourHoliness
ReligiousstyleHolyFather
PosthumousstyleBlessed
OdescalchiwasastrongpapalcandidateafterthedeathofPopeClementIX(1667¨C69)in1669,buttheFrenchgovernmentrejectedhim(makinguseofthenow－abolishedveto).AfterPopeClementX(1670¨C76)died,LouisXIVofFrance(1643¨C1715)againintendedtousehisroyalinfluenceagainstOdescalchi‘‘ion.Instead,believingthecardinalsaswellastheRomanpeoplewereofonemindintheirdesiretohaveOdescalchiastheirPope,LouisreluctantlyinstructedtheFrenchpartycardinalstoacquiesceinhiscandidacy.OnSeptember21,1676,OdescalchiwaschosenClementX‘ssuccessorandtookthenameofInnocentXI.
[edit]ReformingtheVaticanadministration
Immediatelyuponhisaccession,InnocentXIturnedallhiseffortstowardsreducingtheexpensesoftheCuria.Hepassedstrictordinancesagainstnepotismamongthecardinals.Helivedveryparsimoniouslyandexhortedthecardinalstodothesame.Inthismannerhenotonlysquaredtheannualdeficitwhichathisaccessionhadreachedthesumof170,000scudi,butwithinafewyearsthepapaliewaseveninexcessoftheexpenditures.Helostnotimeindeclaringandpracticallymanifestinghiszealasareformerofmannersandacorrectorofadministrativeabuses.Beginningwiththeclergy,hesoughttoraisethelaityalsotoahighermoralstandardofliving.In1679hepubliclycondemnedsixty－fivepropositions,takenchieflyfromthewritingsofEscobar,Suarezandothercasuists(mostlyJesuitcasuists,whohadbeenheavilyattackedbyPascalinhisProvincialLetters)aspropositioneslaxorummoralistarumandforbadeanyonetoteachthemunderpenaltyofemunication.[1]Hecondemnedinparticularthemostradicalformofmentalreservation(strictementalis)whichauthorizeddeceptionwithoutanoutrightlie.
PersonallynotunfriendlytoMigueldeMolinos,InnocentXIneverthelessyieldedtotheenormouspressurebroughttobearuponhimtoconfirmin1687thejudgementoftheinquisitorsbywhichsixty－eightquietistpropositionsofMolinoswerecondemnedasblasphemousandheretical.
[edit]Encyclicals
Sollicitudopastoralis(FosteringandPreservingtheOrdersofMenReligious)
CoelestisPastor(CondemningtheerrorsofMolinos)
[edit]Foreignrelations
InnocentXIdispatchedFerdinandod‘AddaasnunciototheKingdomofEngland,thefirstrepresentativeoftheChurchtogotothatlandinmorethanonehundredyears.Evenso,thePopedidnotapprovetheimprudentmannerinwhichJamesIIattemptedtorestoreCatholicisminEngland.HealsorepeatedlyexpressedhisdispleasureatthesupportwhichJamesIIgavetotheautocraticKingLouisXIVinhismeasureshostiletotheChurch.Itis,therefore,notsurprisingthatInnocentXIhadlittlesympathyfortheCatholicKingofEngland,andthathedidnotassisthiminhishouroftrial.Thereare,however,nogroundsfortheaccusationthatInnocentXIwasinformedofthedesignswhichWilliamIIIofEngland(1689¨C1702)haduponEngland,muchlessthathesupportedhimintheoverthrowofJamesII.[2]
ItwasduetoInnocentXI‘searnestandincessantexhortationsthattheGermanEstatesandKingJohnIIIofPoland(1674¨C96)in1683hastenedtothereliefofViennawhichwasbeingbesiegedbytheTurks.Afterthesiegewasraised,InnocentXIagainsparednoeffortstoinducetheChristianprincestolendahelpinghandfortheexpulsionoftheTurksfromHungary.HecontributedmillionsofscuditotheTurkishwarfundinAustriaandHungaryandhadthesatisfactionofsurvivingthecaptureofBelgrade,September6,1688.[2]
[edit]RelationswithFrance
ThewholepontificateofInnocentXIismarkedbyacontinuousstrugglewiththeabsolutismofLouisXIV.Asearlyas1673,theKinghadbyhisownpowerextendedtherightofther¨galeovertheprovincesofLanguedoc,Guyenne,Provence,andDauphin¨,whereithadpreviouslynotbeenexercised.AlltheeffortsofInnocentXItoinduceLouisXIVtorespecttherightsoftheChurchwereuseless.In1682,theKingconvokedanassemblyoftheFrenchclergywhichadoptedthefourfamousarticles,whichbecameknownastheGallicanLiberties.InnocentXIannulledthefourarticlesonApril11,1682,andrefusedhisapprobationtoallfutureepiscopalcandidateswhohadtakenpartintheassembly.[1]
ToappeasethePope,LouisXIVbegantoactasazealotofCatholicism.In1685LouisXIVrevokedtheEdictofNantesandinauguratedacruelpersecutionoftheProtestants.InnocentXIexpressedhisdispleasureatthesedrasticmeasuresandcontinuedtowithholdhisapprobationfromtheepiscopalcandidates.HeirritatedtheKingstillmorethatsameyearbyabolishingthemuchabusedrightofasylum,bywhichtheforeignambassadorsatRomehadbeenabletoharborintheirembassiesanycriminalwhowaswantedbythepapalcourtofjustice.InnocentXInotifiedthenewFrenchambassador,MarquisdeLavardin,thathewouldnotberecognizedasambassadorinRomeunlessherenouncedthisright,butLouisXIVwouldnotgiveitup.Attheheadofanarmedforceofabout800menLavardinenteredRomeinNovember1687,andtookforciblepossessionofhispalace.InnocentXItreatedhimasemunicatedandplacedunderinterdicttheChurchofSt.LouisatRomewhereheattendedservicesonDecember24,1687.[2]
[edit]Colognecontroversy
ThetensionbetweenthePopeandtheKingofFrancewasstillincreasedbytheInnocentXI‘sprocedureinfillingthevacantarchiepiscopalseeofCologne.ThetwocandidatesfortheseewereCardinalWilliamEgonofF¨?rstenberg,thenBishopofStrasbourg,andJosephClement,abrotherofMaxEmanuel,ElectorofBavaria.TheformerwasawillingtoolinthehandsofLouisXIV,andhisappointmentasArchbishopandPrince－electorofColognewouldhaveimpliedFrenchpreponderanceinnorth－westernGermany.JosephClementwasnotonlythecandidateofEmperorLeopoldIofAustria(1658¨C1705)butofallEuropeanrulers,withtheexceptionoftheKingofFranceandhissupporter,KingJamesIIofEngland(1685¨C88).Attheelection,whichtookplaceonJuly19,1688,neitherofthecandidatesreceivedtherequirednumberofvotes.Thedecision,therefore,felltoInnocentXI,whodesignatedJosephClementasArchbishopandElectorofCologne.LouisXIVretaliatedbytakingpossessionofthepapalterritoryofAvignon,imprisoningthepapalnuncioandappealingtoageneralcouncil.NordidheconcealhisintentiontoseparatetheFrenchChurchentirelyfromRome.ThePoperemainedfirm.ThesubsequentfallofJamesIIinEnglanddestroyedFrenchpreponderanceinEuropeandsoonafterInnocentXI‘sdeath(1689)thestrugglebetweenLouisXIVandthepapacywassettledinfavouroftheChurch.[1]
[edit]Deathandbeatification
MonumenttoPopeInnocentXI,St.Peter‘sBasilica.InnocentXIdiedafteralongperiodofillhealthonAugust12,1689.
Thecaseforhiscanonizationwasintroducedin1714buttheinfluenceofFranceforcedittobesuspendedin1744.Inthe20thcenturyitwasreintroduced,andPopePiusXII(1939¨C58)announcedhisbeatificationonOctober7,1956.
ThefeastdayofPopeInnocentXIisAugust12.
[edit]ThefirstincorruptbodyofaPope?
InnocentXI,whenexhumedfromhistombforbeatification,wasreportedlysurprisinglywellpreserved.[citationneeded]TodayhisbodylieswiththebodiesofPopeStPiusX(1903¨C14)andBlPopeJohnXXIII(1958¨C63)attheVatican.Thefaceandhandsarelinedwithsilvercoating.Hismonument(1697－1704)inSaintPeter‘swasdesignedandsculptedbyPietroStefanoMonnot.
[edit]WritingsaboutPopeInnocentXI
RitaMonaldiandFrancescoSorti,intheirnovelImprimatur(2002),castadifferentandmorecontroversiallightonthatPope,buildingacaseagainsthiscanonization.Theydepictaselfishpolitician,betrayingtheRomanCatholicChurch‘sinterestsinthehopeofrecoveringapersonaldebt.Althoughthebookdoesnotpretendtobeofscholarlyvalue,anappendixofvariousnotesanddocumentsspanningaboutfortypagesattheendofthetextallowsacriticalreviewoftheauthors‘researches.
[edit]Notes
^abcdKelly,287
^abcKelly,288
[edit]References
Kelly,J.N.D.,TheOxfordHistoryofthePopes,OxfordUniversityPress,1986.ISBN0192820850.
Thisarticleincorporatestextfromthepublic－domainCatholicEncyclopediaof1913.
后面如果变成一排字母可不是偶的错！
另外，等偶写完本章就贴翻译版！
好像网络上还没有中文地资料捏！
以上！
PopeInnocentXI(May16,1611¨CAugust12,1689),bornBenedettoOdescalchi,wasPopeoftheRomanCatholicChurchfrom1676to1689.
Contents[hide]
1Earlylife
2Papacy
2.1Election
2.2ReformingtheVaticanadministration
2.3Encyclicals
3Foreignrelations
3.1RelationswithFrance
3.2Colognecontroversy
4Deathandbeatification
4.1ThefirstincorruptbodyofaPope?
5WritingsaboutPopeInnocentXI
6Notes
7References
[edit]Earlylife
HewasbornatComoin1611,andwaseducatedtherebytheJesuits.HestudiedlawatRomeandNaples,heldsuccessivelytheofficesofprotonotaryapostolic,presidentoftheapostolicchambermissaryoftheMarcodiRoma,andgovernorofMacerata;in1647,PopeInnocentX(1644¨C55)madehimCardinalDeaconwiththetitleofSantiCosmaeDamiano.HeafterwardsbecamelegatetoFerrara.WhenhewassenttoFerrarainordertoassistthepeoplestrickenwithaseverefamine,thePopeintroducedhimtothepeopleofFerraraasthe"fatherofthepoor."In1650,OdescalchibecamebishopofNovara,inwhichcapacityhespentalltherevenuesofhisseetorelievethepoorandsickinhisdiocese.WiththepermissionofthepopeheresignedasbishopofNovarainfavourofhisbrotherGiulioin1656andwenttoRome.Whiletherehetookaprominentpartintheconsultationsofthevariouscongregationsofwhichhewasamember.Inallthesecapacities,thesimplicityandpurityofcharacterwhichhedisplayebinedwithhisunselfishandopenhandedbenevolencetosecureforhimahighplaceinthepopularaffectionandesteem.[1]
[edit]Papacy
[edit]Election
CoatofArmsofPopeInnocentXI.Stylesof
PopeInnocentXI
ReferencestyleHisHoliness
SpokenstyleYourHoliness
ReligiousstyleHolyFather
PosthumousstyleBlessed
OdescalchiwasastrongpapalcandidateafterthedeathofPopeClementIX(1667¨C69)in1669,buttheFrenchgovernmentrejectedhim(makinguseofthenow－abolishedveto).AfterPopeClementX(1670¨C76)died,LouisXIVofFrance(1643¨C1715)againintendedtousehisroyalinfluenceagainstOdescalchi‘‘ion.Instead,believingthecardinalsaswellastheRomanpeoplewereofonemindintheirdesiretohaveOdescalchiastheirPope,LouisreluctantlyinstructedtheFrenchpartycardinalstoacquiesceinhiscandidacy.OnSeptember21,1676,OdescalchiwaschosenClementX‘ssuccessorandtookthenameofInnocentXI.
[edit]ReformingtheVaticanadministration
Immediatelyuponhisaccession,InnocentXIturnedallhiseffortstowardsreducingtheexpensesoftheCuria.Hepassedstrictordinancesagainstnepotismamongthecardinals.Helivedveryparsimoniouslyandexhortedthecardinalstodothesame.Inthismannerhenotonlysquaredtheannualdeficitwhichathisaccessionhadreachedthesumof170,000scudi,butwithinafewyearsthepapaliewaseveninexcessoftheexpenditures.Helostnotimeindeclaringandpracticallymanifestinghiszealasareformerofmannersandacorrectorofadministrativeabuses.Beginningwiththeclergy,hesoughttoraisethelaityalsotoahighermoralstandardofliving.In1679hepubliclycondemnedsixty－fivepropositions,takenchieflyfromthewritingsofEscobar,Suarezandothercasuists(mostlyJesuitcasuists,whohadbeenheavilyattackedbyPascalinhisProvincialLetters)aspropositioneslaxorummoralistarumandforbadeanyonetoteachthemunderpenaltyofemunication.[1]Hecondemnedinparticularthemostradicalformofmentalreservation(strictementalis)whichauthorizeddeceptionwithoutanoutrightlie.
PersonallynotunfriendlytoMigueldeMolinos,InnocentXIneverthelessyieldedtotheenormouspressurebroughttobearuponhimtoconfirmin1687thejudgementoftheinquisitorsbywhichsixty－eightquietistpropositionsofMolinoswerecondemnedasblasphemousandheretical.
[edit]Encyclicals
Sollicitudopastoralis(FosteringandPreservingtheOrdersofMenReligious)
CoelestisPastor(CondemningtheerrorsofMolinos)
[edit]Foreignrelations
InnocentXIdispatchedFerdinandod‘AddaasnunciototheKingdomofEngland,thefirstrepresentativeoftheChurchtogotothatlandinmorethanonehundredyears.Evenso,thePopedidnotapprovetheimprudentmannerinwhichJamesIIattemptedtorestoreCatholicisminEngland.HealsorepeatedlyexpressedhisdispleasureatthesupportwhichJamesIIgavetotheautocraticKingLouisXIVinhismeasureshostiletotheChurch.Itis,therefore,notsurprisingthatInnocentXIhadlittlesympathyfortheCatholicKingofEngland,andthathedidnotassisthiminhishouroftrial.Thereare,however,nogroundsfortheaccusationthatInnocentXIwasinformedofthedesignswhichWilliamIIIofEngland(1689¨C1702)haduponEngland,muchlessthathesupportedhimintheoverthrowofJamesII.[2]
ItwasduetoInnocentXI‘searnestandincessantexhortationsthattheGermanEstatesandKingJohnIIIofPoland(1674¨C96)in1683hastenedtothereliefofViennawhichwasbeingbesiegedbytheTurks.Afterthesiegewasraised,InnocentXIagainsparednoeffortstoinducetheChristianprincestolendahelpinghandfortheexpulsionoftheTurksfromHungary.HecontributedmillionsofscuditotheTurkishwarfundinAustriaandHungaryandhadthesatisfactionofsurvivingthecaptureofBelgrade,September6,1688.[2]
[edit]RelationswithFrance
ThewholepontificateofInnocentXIismarkedbyacontinuousstrugglewiththeabsolutismofLouisXIV.Asearlyas1673,theKinghadbyhisownpowerextendedtherightofther¨galeovertheprovincesofLanguedoc,Guyenne,Provence,andDauphin¨,whereithadpreviouslynotbeenexercised.AlltheeffortsofInnocentXItoinduceLouisXIVtorespecttherightsoftheChurchwereuseless.In1682,theKingconvokedanassemblyoftheFrenchclergywhichadoptedthefourfamousarticles,whichbecameknownastheGallicanLiberties.InnocentXIannulledthefourarticlesonApril11,1682,andrefusedhisapprobationtoallfutureepiscopalcandidateswhohadtakenpartintheassembly.[1]
ToappeasethePope,LouisXIVbegantoactasazealotofCatholicism.In1685LouisXIVrevokedtheEdictofNantesandinauguratedacruelpersecutionoftheProtestants.InnocentXIexpressedhisdispleasureatthesedrasticmeasuresandcontinuedtowithholdhisapprobationfromtheepiscopalcandidates.HeirritatedtheKingstillmorethatsameyearbyabolishingthemuchabusedrightofasylum,bywhichtheforeignambassadorsatRomehadbeenabletoharborintheirembassiesanycriminalwhowaswantedbythepapalcourtofjustice.InnocentXInotifiedthenewFrenchambassador,MarquisdeLavardin,thathewouldnotberecognizedasambassadorinRomeunlessherenouncedthisright,butLouisXIVwouldnotgiveitup.Attheheadofanarmedforceofabout800menLavardinenteredRomeinNovember1687,andtookforciblepossessionofhispalace.InnocentXItreatedhimasemunicatedandplacedunderinterdicttheChurchofSt.LouisatRomewhereheattendedservicesonDecember24,1687.[2]
[edit]Colognecontroversy
ThetensionbetweenthePopeandtheKingofFrancewasstillincreasedbytheInnocentXI‘sprocedureinfillingthevacantarchiepiscopalseeofCologne.ThetwocandidatesfortheseewereCardinalWilliamEgonofF¨?rstenberg,thenBishopofStrasbourg,andJosephClement,abrotherofMaxEmanuel,ElectorofBavaria.TheformerwasawillingtoolinthehandsofLouisXIV,andhisappointmentasArchbishopandPrince－electorofColognewouldhaveimpliedFrenchpreponderanceinnorth－westernGermany.JosephClementwasnotonlythecandidateofEmperorLeopoldIofAustria(1658¨C1705)butofallEuropeanrulers,withtheexceptionoftheKingofFranceandhissupporter,KingJamesIIofEngland(1685¨C88).Attheelection,whichtookplaceonJuly19,1688,neitherofthecandidatesreceivedtherequirednumberofvotes.Thedecision,therefore,felltoInnocentXI,whodesignatedJosephClementasArchbishopandElectorofCologne.LouisXIVretaliatedbytakingpossessionofthepapalterritoryofAvignon,imprisoningthepapalnuncioandappealingtoageneralcouncil.NordidheconcealhisintentiontoseparatetheFrenchChurchentirelyfromRome.ThePoperemainedfirm.ThesubsequentfallofJamesIIinEnglanddestroyedFrenchpreponderanceinEuropeandsoonafterInnocentXI‘sdeath(1689)thestrugglebetweenLouisXIVandthepapacywassettledinfavouroftheChurch.[1]
[edit]Deathandbeatification
MonumenttoPopeInnocentXI,St.Peter‘sBasilica.InnocentXIdiedafteralongperiodofillhealthonAugust12,1689.
Thecaseforhiscanonizationwasintroducedin1714buttheinfluenceofFranceforcedittobesuspendedin1744.Inthe20thcenturyitwasreintroduced,andPopePiusXII(1939¨C58)announcedhisbeatificationonOctober7,1956.
ThefeastdayofPopeInnocentXIisAugust12.
[edit]ThefirstincorruptbodyofaPope?
InnocentXI,whenexhumedfromhistombforbeatification,wasreportedlysurprisinglywellpreserved.[citationneeded]TodayhisbodylieswiththebodiesofPopeStPiusX(1903¨C14)andBlPopeJohnXXIII(1958¨C63)attheVatican.Thefaceandhandsarelinedwithsilvercoating.Hismonument(1697－1704)inSaintPeter‘swasdesignedandsculptedbyPietroStefanoMonnot.
[edit]WritingsaboutPopeInnocentXI
RitaMonaldiandFrancescoSorti,intheirnovelImprimatur(2002),castadifferentandmorecontroversiallightonthatPope,buildingacaseagainsthiscanonization.Theydepictaselfishpolitician,betrayingtheRomanCatholicChurch‘sinterestsinthehopeofrecoveringapersonaldebt.Althoughthebookdoesnotpretendtobeofscholarlyvalue,anappendixofvariousnotesanddocumentsspanningaboutfortypagesattheendofthetextallowsacriticalreviewoftheauthors‘researches.
[edit]Notes
^abcdKelly,287
^abcKelly,288
[edit]References
Kelly,J.N.D.,TheOxfordHistoryofthePopes,OxfordUniversityPress,1986.ISBN0192820850.
Thisarticleincorporatestextfromthepublic－domainCatholicEncyclopediaof1913.
第一时间更新《祸乱十七世纪》最新章节。